1. All students will demonstrate an understanding of the geography of the United States by identifying the following

• four oceans, seven continents, direction, latitude, longitude and coordinates
  
• physiographic features of the United States and their effect on settlement.

2. Students review the significant events surrounding the founding of the nation

• the Enlightenment and the rise of democratic ideas as the context in which the nation was founded
  
• the American Revolution; natural rights philosophy of the Founding Fathers and the debates surrounding the drafting and ratification of the Constitution; the addition of Rights
  
• the history of the Constitution after 1787 with emphasis on federal versus state authority
  
• the Civil War and Reconstruction
  
• the Industrial Revolution.

3. All students will demonstrate an understanding of immigration and the progressive response to changing industrial practices by explaining the following

• immigrant groups and waves of immigration from Europe and how they changed over time
  
• attitudes that were and are expressed about immigrants and immigration
  
• compare assembly line manufacturing to cottage industry
  
• pros and cons of American industrialization and responses from labor unions, muckrakers and progressives
  
• progressive response to the evils of industrialism
  
• Exclusion Acts
  
• the effect of urban political machines and responses by immigrants and middle-class reformers.

4. All students will examine the emergence of the United States as a world power through an understanding of Imperialism and WWI, by explaining the following

• Isolationism and Imperialism
  
• the purpose and the effects of the Open Door policy
  
• the expanding role of the U.S. in world affairs after World War I
  
• U.S. involvement in Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Panama, China
  
• physical and emotional trauma of life in the trenches
  
• terms for peace culminating in the Paris Peace Conference
  
• compromises and consequences of the Treaty of Versailles.

5. All students will understand the social and economic changes of the Roaring Twenties by explaining the following

• the effectiveness of political cartoons in swaying public opinion
  
• compare social change in the 1920s with social change in the 1990s
  
• climate of intolerance of the 1920s
  
• conservatism
  
• main events of the Harding and Coolidge administrations and election of Hoover
  
• impact of changes in areas of sports, transportation, prohibition, the role of women, consumerism, arts and letters
  
• incidences of religious intolerance in the United States (e.g., persecution of Mormons, anti-Catholic sentiment, anti-Semitism)
  
• the expanding religious pluralism in the United States and California as a result of large-scale immigration in the twentieth century.

6. All students will demonstrate an understanding of life during the Great Depression and the legacy of the New Deal by explaining the following

• causes of the Depression and its effects on different groups of people
  
• the human toll of the Depression, natural disasters, unwise agricultural practices and their effect on the depopulation of rural regions and on political movements of the left and right with particular attention to the Dust Bowl refugees and their social and economic impact in California
  
• the increased powers of the presidency in response to the Great Depression, World War II
  
• leadership skills Roosevelt possessed and the goals and intent of the New Deal
  
• varied reaction of radicals, conservatives, the middle class, the Supreme Court, blacks, women, and labor to the New Deal
  
• causes, effects and complexity of poverty.

7. Students analyze the American participation in World War II in terms of

• the origins of American involvement in the war, with an emphasis on the events that precipitated the attack on Pearl Harbor
  
• United States and Allied wartime strategy, including the major battles of Midway, Normandy, Iwo Jima, Okinawa and the Battle of the Bulge
  
• the role and sacrifices of individual American soldiers, as well as the unique contributions of the special fighting forces (e.g., the Tuskegee Airmen, the 442 Regimental Combat team and the Navajo Codetalkers)
  
• Roosevelt's foreign policies during World War II (e.g., Four Freedoms speech)
  
• the constitutional issues and impact of events on the U.S. home front, including the internment of Japanese Americans (e.g., Fred Korematsu v. United States of America) and the restrictions on Italian Americans; resident aliens; the response of the administration to Hitler's atrocities against Jews and other groups; the role of women in military production; the role and growing political demands of African Americans
  
• major developments in aviation, weaponry, communication, and medicine and the War's impact on the location of American industry and use of resources
  
• the decision to drop atomic bombs and the consequences (Hiroshima and Nagasaki)
  
• the effect of massive aid given to western Europe under the Marshall Plan to rebuild itself after the war, and its importance to the U.S. economy.

8. All students will become knowledgeable about the origins and outcomes of the Cold War and explain the following

• fear and suspicion of the Communists during the McCarthy Era
  
• nuclear arms race
  
• essential differences between the American and Soviet societies between Capitalism and Socialism; Democracy and Totalitarianism
  
• major events and people involved in the Vietnam War
  
• the role of miliary alliance including NATO and SEATO in deterring communist aggression and maintaining security during the Cold War
  
• the Truman Doctrine, the Berlin Blockade, the Korean War
  
• the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis
  
• atomic testing in the American west, "mutual assured destruction" doctrine, disarmament policies
  
• Latin American policy and the economic relationships today
  
• the role of the Reagan Administration and other factors in the victory of the West in the Cold War.

9. All students will demonstrate an understanding of the struggle for Equal Rights and pursuit of Civil Rights by explaining the following

• segregation
  
• racism
  
• struggle for civil rights by the Black Panthers, United Farm Workers, gays, Black Nationalists, Native Americans, SNCC, white civil rights workers and women
  
• the reasons for the nation's changing immigration policy with emphasis on the way the Immigration Act of 1965 and successor acts have transformed American society
  
• the changing role of women in society as reflected in the major entry of women into the labor force and the changing family structure.

10. All students will understand the era of change in economic, political and social values during the 1950s and 60s and explain the following

• the constitutional crisis originating from the Watergate scandal
  
• how 1950s family TV shows both created and reflected social values of the time
  
• goals and values of the New Frontier and Great Society
  
• dissent movements for political bias
  
• forms of popular culture with emphasis on their origins and geographic diffusion (e.g., jazz and other forms of popular music, professional sports, architectural and artistic styles)
  
• the effects on society and the economy of technological developments since 1945, including the computer revolution, changes in communication, advances in medicine and improvements in agricultural technology.